Driven by the global carbon neutrality agenda, the transition to sustainable energy and the development of green, low-carbon technologies are progressing rapidly in worldwide. Water electrolysis for hydrogen production, as an efficient energy conversion technology, has emerged as a pivotal element in the clean energy transformation, with innovations in catalyst systems drawing significant attention. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), featuring unique multi-element synergy, lattice distortion effects, structural stability, and broad compositional tunability, have offered promising avenues to overcome the performance limitations of conventional water electrolysis catalysts, becoming a focal point of research in both academia and industry. Based on data from global patent databases (specifically Chinese public patents), the research background, fundamental principles, current development status, and patent application trends of HEA-based catalysts for water electrolysis were systematically reviewed across three dimensions, namely technological life cycle, patent deployment strategies, and industrial adaptability. Furthermore, technical branches, evolutionary pathways, and core innovations in representative patents were delved into. By constructing a “composition-structure-process-performance” four-dimensional technological evolution model, key transition mechanisms from laboratory research to engineering applications were revealed. Finally, strategies for constructing industrial-oriented patent portfolios and building a full-chain collaborative innovation ecosystem, along with insights into technological upgrading and industrial development were proposed.

Developing cost-effective, stable, and efficient electrocatalysts is crucial for the large-scale implementation of hydrogen energy. In this study, a multi-component composite catalyst, denoted as Pt-NiCoN_x, was successfully synthesized by loading ultra-low amounts of platinum (Pt) onto NiN_x, CoN_x, and Ni-Co alloy phases. This material fully leverages the excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of Pt, the synergistic catalytic effects among multiple phases, and the abundant heterointerfaces, collectively leading to significantly enhanced catalytic performance. The nitridation process optimized the electronic structures of Ni and Co, exposing more active sites while improving the electrical conductivity, reaction activity, and stability of the material. Hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH) served as the support, further enhancing electrical conductivity and structural integrity. The ultra-low loading of Pt (1.97%) on the composite surface greatly increased Pt atomic utilization, resulting in outstanding catalytic properties. Moreover, the strong interaction between Pt and NiCoN_x facilitated electron transfer across different phases, and the superior hydrogen adsorption capability of Pt accelerated the dissociation and generation of hydrogen molecules, jointly boosting the overall performance of the catalyst. In a 1.0 mol/L KOH electrolyte, Pt-NiCoN_x/MWCNT-OH exhibited a small Tafel slope of 49.8 mV/dec, with low overpotentials of only 47.2 mV at 10 mA/cm² and 129.5 mV at 100 mA/cm², along with remarkable long-term stability. This research provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and economical electrocatalysts for water splitting, contributing positively to the development of sustainable hydrogen energy technologies.

To improve the utilization efficiency of indium and enhance the catalytic performance of Pt/In₂O₃ for CO₂ hydrogenation, a hierarchically structured Pt/In₂O₃/ZnO catalyst was constructed by sequentially loading In₂O₃ and Pt nanoparticles onto a ZnO support. The effect of In₂O₃ content on the catalytic performance was systematically investigated, and its loading ratio was optimized. The results show that when the In₂O₃ loading is 30%, the catalyst exhibits a structure in which ZnO is encapsulated by In₂O₃, with Pt nanoparticles highly dispersed on the surface. Over this optimized catalyst, the CO₂ conversion and methanol yield reach 12.4% and 5.6%, respectively, representing an improvement of nearly 25% compared to those of the Pt/In₂O₃ catalyst (9.5% and 4.2%). Chemisorption analysis further confirms that the Pt nanoparticles primarily interact with In₂O₃, and the decrease in CO₂ desorption temperature indicates that ZnO effectively lowers the activation temperature of CO₂, thereby significantly enhancing the catalytic performance.

In this paper, Ti₃O₅@(CS) composite catalyst was prepared via impregnation method and high temperature annealing, and Sm₅Mg₄₁+5% Ti₃O₅@CS (mass fraction)composite material was fabricated by mechanical ball milling. The microstructure and phase composition of the composites before and after hydrogen absorption/desorption were characterized, and the effect of Ti₃O₅@CS addition on the hydrogen storage properties of the composite was investigated. The composite is composed of Sm₅Mg₄₁, SmMg₃ and Ti₃O₅ phases before hydrogen absorption, and of Sm₃H₇, MgH₂ and Ti₃O₅ phases after hydrogen absorption. Ti₃O₅@CS prepared from high-concentration titanium n-propanoxide solution shows a high catalytic effect on hydrogen storage kinetics. After the addition of Ti₃O₅@CS, the dehydrogenation activation energy of Sm₅Mg₄₁ is reduced to the minimum of 112 kJ/mol(H₂), and the initial dehydrogenation temperature is decreased to the minimum of 262 ℃.

To study the effect of composition adjustment under different heating processes on the structural characteristics, micro-morphology, and mechanical properties of the oxide scale,taking 54SiCrV and 65SiCrV steels as research objects, high-temperature oxidation tests were conducted to investigate the microstructure characteristics and phase composition of iron oxide scales generated by the two steels under different high-temperature oxidation conditions. The easy peeling characteristics of iron oxide scales were studied using nanoindentation. The results indicated that the H/E ratio of 54SiCrV steel was higher than that of 65SiCrV steel under the conditions of process 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, that was, the compactness of the innner layer of iron oxide scale structure of 54SiCrV steel was higher than that of 65SiCrV steel under these high-temperature oxidation process conditions. The iron oxide scales of both experimental steels were mainly composed of oxides such as Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、FeO、Fe₂SiO₄ and FeCr₂O₄. The oxide scale of both types of steel showed obvious layering phenomenon, with a denser inner layer structure, a looser middle layer, and a thinner outer layer. The inner layer of iron oxide scale was mainly composed of a Fe₂SiO₄/FeCr₂O₄/FeO mixed layer. The outermost layer of iron oxide scale was consistent with the typical characteristic structure of iron oxide scale, mainly composed of Fe₂O₃ and a small amount of Fe₃O₄. The intermediate layer of iron oxide scale was mainly composed of Fe₃O₄ and also contained a small amount of FeO. Under process 7 conditions, the oxide scale of 65SiCrV was more porous and porous than that of 54SiCrV, making it easier to remove in subsequent high-pressure water descaling.

To develop lanthanum oxide certified reference materials and supplement and improve the system of rare earth reference materials.The samples are prepared by the solution doping method using lanthanum oxide as the raw material.Disperse lanthanum oxide raw materials in an organic solvent and add standard solutions in accordance with the composition design requirements.The development of the reference material was completed through a series of processes, including stirring volatilization in a constant-temperature water bath, evaporation, calcination at 850 ℃ for 2 hours, ball milling, mixing, preliminary homogeneity inspection, packaging, stability testing, homogeneity verification, mathematical statistics and value assignment.The standard value of certified reference materials is 38 elements,including 14 kinds of rare earth oxide,ThO₂,Sc₂O₃,TiO₂,V₂O₅,Co₂O₃,NiO,CuO,Rb₂O,SrO,CdO,PbO,As,BaO,ZnO,P₂O₅,SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Cr₂O₃,MnO₂,MgO,Fe₂O₃,CaO,SO₄^2-,Cl^-.Eight laboratories with rich experience and strong technical ability in the field of rare earth detection were invited to use reliable analytical methods to determine the certified values and expanded uncertainties of lanthanum oxide certified reference materials.The certified reference materials has further improved and enriched the rare earth standard sample series in the field of nonferrous metals at home and abroad, and has been submitted to the State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration for approval as a national standard sample.

Investigated the effect of hydrogen environment on the mechanical properties, fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness, and hydrogen embrittlement mechanism of L245 pipeline steel. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen concentration in the environment, the elongation and reduction of area of L245 steel decrease significantly, the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity increases, while the tensile strength and yield strength remained almost unchanged. Hydrogen environment significantly reduces the crack growth threshold of the steel and increases the sensitivity of crack growth rate to the stress intensity factor range. The increase in hydrogen concentration gradually reduces the fracture toughness of the steel and increases its brittleness. The microscopic crack growth patterns showed that cracks in the non-hydrogen-charged specimens mainly exhibit transgranular cracking, while those in the hydrogen-charged specimens showe a mixture of transgranular and intergranular crac-king, with the crack growth direction at approximately 90° to the tensile direction. The analysis of hydrogen embrittlement mechanism shows that hydrogen molecules first physically adsorb onto the steel surface and dissociate into hydrogen atoms under the catalysis of iron atoms, which then diffuse into the steel matrix in an interstitial manner. These hydrogen atoms tend to aggregate at ferrite grains or segregate at grain boundaries and dislocations, changing the crack growth mode from single transgranular cracking to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular cracking. At low hydrogen concentration (less than 10%), cracks mainly propagate within ferrite grains, showing transgranular fracture.At high hydrogen concentration (greater than 20%), hydrogen atoms significantly segregate at grain boundaries, weakening the grain boundary strength and increasing the proportion of cracks propagating along grain boundaries.

In order to evaluate the stability and durability of zirconia composite ceramics in clinical applications and ensure a strong bond between the restorative and natural teeth, this study used tetragonal zirconia ceramic (3Y-ZrO₂) was used as the matrix material, combined with different mass fraction of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO₄) and different mass fraction of stabilizer Y₂O₃ to prepare the zirconia composite ceramic 3Y-ZrO₂-LaPO₄ for oral restoration. After hydrofluoric acid treatment, the ceramic was bonded to dentin to obtain 3Y-ZrO₂-LaPO₄ bonded samples. By changing the contents of LaPO₄, Y₂O₃ and hydrofluoric acid as well as the sintering temperature, the adhesive strength and microstructure changes of the 3Y-ZrO₂-LaPO₄ bonded samples were investigated. The experimental results show that the adhesive strength of the samples increas with the increase of Y₂O₃ mass fraction from 0 to 4% but decreased slightly when the mass fraction further increased to 6%. The increase of LaPO₄ mass fraction can improve the adhesive strength of the samples, and the adhesive strength reached the maximum when the mass fraction of LaPO₄ was 35% and that of Y₂O₃ was 4%. Hydrofluoric acid treatment has a significant effect on the adhesive strength, with the best effect at the concentration of 10%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation shows that the increase of Y₂O₃ content improved the density and interfacial bonding strength of the samples, and hydrofluoric acid treatment altered the microstructure of the sample surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the sintering temperature had a significant effect on the crystal phase composition of the samples, and high temperature promoted the crystal phase transformation of zirconia.

The content of sulfuris an important evaluation index for the performance of rare earth sulfides.The determination of sulfur content primarily involves the barium sulfate gravimetric method, iodometric method, and high-frequency infrared absorption method.Compared to the iodometric method, the barium sulfate gravimetric method can measure sulfur content in all valence states within rare earth sulfides.In contrast to the high-frequency infrared absorption method, it enables accurate determination of higher sulfur concentrations. The sample was subjected to sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide fusion, followed by hot water leaching by the barium sulfate gravimetric method. Alkali separation was employed to remove impurity ions such as nickel and rare earth elements. The filtrate was precipitated with barium chloride under acidic conditions (pH=1-3) to form barium sulfate. After filtration, washing, and calcination at 800 ℃ until constant weight, the total sulfur content in the rare earth sulfide was calculated based on the mass of the converted barium sulfate. The proposed method was validated through experimental testing. Comparative analyses were conducted using the developed method, high-frequency infrared absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for sulfur content determination in rare earth sulfide control samples. Results showed that the measured values from all three methods were essentially consistent with the reference values.

Under multitasking conditions, the conflict between automated guided vehicle(AGV) trajectory and disk crane operation sequence leads to low efficiency in dynamic stacking scheduling of wide and thick plates. Therefore, a dynamic stacking optimization method for wide and thick plates under the collaboration of 5G base station clusters and AGVs has been developed. Using the real-time position information of the disk crane fed back by the 5G base station cluster through signal data (RSSI/ToA), a weighted least squares objective function was constructed based on the distance between the steel plate number (ID) and the disk crane in the order task. The Gauss-Newton iteration method was used to solve the matching result of the disk crane in the output order task. On the basis of collaborative steel plate inbound and outbound tasks, AGV trajectories, and disk crane operation sequences, an objective function with the goal of minimizing sorting scheduling workload was set under constraint conditions. A hierarchical heuristic algorithm was used to solve the output stacking scheme, avoiding conflicts between AGV trajectories and disk crane operation sequences. The analysis results of the case study indicate that based on the collaborative allocation and scheduling of resources, this method keeps the sorting volumes stably below 2 000 kg and 1 500 kg respectively, and the time consumption stably below 10.0 and 5.5 min respectively during the execution of inbound and outbound tasks, featuring high overall efficiency.

28MnCr steel is used in the production of casings for deep wells. This study investigates the effect of rare earth cerium (Ce) on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of 28MnCr steel, providing a basis for formulating heat treatment processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency in the manufacturing of deep-well casings.The critical transformation temperatures and thermal expansion curves during continuous cooling of 28MnCr steel with 0 and 0.008 7% Ce were determined using a Formastor-F thermal expansion dilatometer. The room temperature microstructures at different cooling rates were observed using a Zeiss optical microscope. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves of the tested steel were constructed. The effects of Ce on the critical transformation temperatures, phase transformation temperatures at different cooling rates, and room temperature microstructures of the 28MnCr steel were investigated. The results show that at a continuous cooling rate of 0.5 ℃/s, the microstructure of both test steels is a polygonal F (ferrite)+P (pearlite) structure. When the continuous cooling rate is between 1.0 and 5.0 ℃/s, the microstructure at room temperature is a B+F structure. When the continuous cooling rate is between 10.0 and 30.0 ℃/s, the microstructure is mainly B (bainite) +M (martensite), and when the continuous cooling rate is no less than 30.0 ℃/s, the microstructure obtained is mainly M. The addition of rare earth Ce expands the F+P transformation zone and narrows the B transformation zone, causing the M transformation zone to shift upward.

To address the mechanical property deficiency caused by the coarse primary silicon phase of hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys, this study combines the characteristics of semi-solid forming technology and proposes a “electromagnetic stirring and heat treatment” synergistic strengthening process. The regulation effect is explored through an orthogonal comparative test system. The results of the system characterization test show that under the optimal parameter combination (50 V stirring voltage, 15 Hz stirring frequency, 30 min stirring time, combined with 515 ℃×6 h solution +120 ℃×8 h aging), the primary silicon phase of the alloy is significantly refined into fine and round granular form. The tensile strength reaches (289.4±10.5) MPa, the elongation reaches (18.4%±0.6%), and the hardness reaches (62.3±4.2)HV. This process achieves the coordinated optimization of the uniformity of alloy structure and mechanical properties,meeting the manufacturing requirements of wear-resistant parts such as automotive engine pistons. It provides a reliable technical reference for the high performance of aluminum-silicon alloys and has a promising prospect for engineering promotion.

To evaluate the internal resistance characteristics of lithium iron phosphate batteries for automotive charging piles under different ambient temperatures, an analysis test was conducted. A 150 A·h single lithium iron phosphate battery cell for an automotive charging pile was selected as the research object. Power battery testing equipment and a constant temperature and humidity test chamber were used, and the hybrid pulse power characteristic (HPPC) method was applied. The test results show that during charging, at -20 ℃, the starting value of the ohmic internal resistance reaches 26 mΩ, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 4.4 mΩ, and the ohmic internal resistance accounts for 90% of the total internal resistance. At -10 ℃, the starting value of the ohmic internal resistance is 19 mΩ, the polarization internal resistance is 3.7 mΩ, and the proportion is 85%. At 0 ℃, the starting value of the ohmic internal resistance is 7 mΩ, the polarization internal resistance is 2.5 mΩ, and the proportion is 65%. At 15 ℃, the starting value of the ohmic internal resistance is 2.5 mΩ, the polarization internal resistance is 0.7 mΩ, and the proportion is 55%. At 40 ℃, the starting value of the ohmic internal resistance is 3 mΩ, the polarization internal resistance is 1.0 mΩ, and the proportion is 53% at the start and 70% at the end. During discharging, at -20 ℃, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 4.3 mΩ, and the ohmic internal resistance accounts for a high proportion and remains at a high level. At -10 ℃, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 2.9 mΩ, and the proportion fluctuates slightly. At 0 ℃, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 1.8 mΩ, and the proportion is moderate and stable. At 15 ℃, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 0.7 mΩ, and the proportion is moderate and stable. At 40 ℃, the starting value of the polarization internal resistance is 0.6 mΩ, and the proportion is the lowest at the start with a small increase.

Laser cleaning is widely used in aerospace, marine, and transportation fields due to its advantages of high efficiency, high quality, safety, environmental friendliness, and ease of operation. This paper investigates the high-efficiency and high-quality cleaning process for oxide layers on T4003 stainless steel surfaces using a 200 W pulsed fiber laser. The surface morphology, roughness, and hardness were observed and measured to analyze the effects of laser power, scanning speed, and pulse width on oxide layer removal and surface quality.The results indicate that laser power significantly influences cleaning quality. The optimal cleaning effect was achieved with 200 W laser power, 10 ns pulse width, and 7000 mm/s scanning speed, where the oxide layer was completely removed without substrate remelting, and the hardness difference between cleaned and base materials was minimal,indicating the optimal processing outcome.

Aiming at the industrial demand for replacing conventional dry sandblasting with water blasting technology, this study experimentally compares the rust removal efficiency and applicability of three commonly used abrasives, namely quartz sand, iron ore sand and copper ore sand, in water blasting treatment. The results demonstrate that quartz sand tends to agglomerate owing to its porous structure, which results in reduced equipment efficiency and uneven surface treatment; while iron ore sand increases the efficiency by 22.97% compared with quartz sand, it carries the risk of rust contamination. In contrast, copper ore sand with a particle size of 10-20 mesh (2 000-850 μm) features high hardness, regular particle morphology and excellent corrosion resistance, achieving a construction efficiency of 4.16 m²/h, which represents a 14.3% improvement over iron ore sand with no clogging issues, thus rendering it the optimal choice in terms of comprehensive cost and treatment performance. Furthermore, this study proposes the potential value of garnet as an eco-friendly alternative abrasive, providing a significant reference for abrasive selection and multi-objective optimization of the water blasting process.

To study the seismic performance of unbuckling corrugated steel plate shear walls, three groups of specimens including vertical corrugation (U-CSPSW-1), horizontal corrugation (U-CSPSW-2) and flat steel plate (PSW-1) were designed and subjected to uniaxial reciprocating loading tests. The experimental results show that the U-CSPSW-2 specimen exhibits better performance in all indicators than the other specimens under uniaxial reciprocating loading. Its horizontal corrugated structure can slow down the stiffness degradation rate and has prominent post-stage load-bearing maintenance capacity. The U-CSPSW-1 specimen is slightly inferior to the U-CSPSW-2 specimen in terms of peak load and energy dissipation capacity but superior to the PSW-1 specimen. The PSW-1 specimen has low initial stiffness, with a peak load of only 289.34 kN.Its strength and stiffness degrade rapidly, and it shows the weakest energy dissipation capacity. Therefore, the unbuckling corrugated steel plate shear wall with horizontal corrugation has the optimal seismic performance and can be used as a key component of building seismic structures.

Damages in the anticorrosion coating of primary heating pipeline networks exhibit multiscale irregular morphological features, such as pointlike corrosion holes and blocklike peeling areas. Conventional AI recognition networks employing a singlescale fail to identify these complex defect features, leading to reduced recognition accuracy.Therefore, a visual AI recognition method based on variant attention was proposed for detecting anticorrosion coating damage in primary heating pipeline networks. Firstly, mixed openingclosing morphological operations were applied to reconstruct images of the primary heating pipeline network. These operations were combined with Laplace operator sharpening to enhance image edges, differentiate target objects from the background, and adjust image amplitude information. Subsequently, the watershed algorithm was utilized for coarse segmentation of the images. To achieve more precise differentiation between damaged and intact areas of the anticorrosion coating, the multi-scale residual module (MSRM) region merging method was employed for fine segmentation. The attention mechanism of the multi-scale dilated attention UNet (MD-AU-Net) was improved to develop a variant attention mechanism. A variant attentionbased MD-AU-Net was adopted. Through prior information integration and dense connection strategies, it enabled more comprehensive extraction of multiscale irregular morphological features, thereby achieving visual AI recognition of damages in the anticorrosion coating of primary heating pipeline networks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves a miss rate of 0.02 for irregular damages in the anticorrosion coating of primary heating pipeline networks. This significantly improves recognition accuracy and is of great significance for ensuring the longterm safe operation of heating pipeline networks.

Transmission lines often develop hidden fire sources due to internal equipment failures or vegetation obstruction, making direct visual observation difficult and reducing the accuracy of fire point localization. Infrared imaging can detect temperature variations caused by fires, enabling early identification of potential ignition points even before open flames become visible in visible-light images. Therefore, this paper proposes an accurate infrared positioning method for fire points in transmission line video surveillance images. Based on infrared imaging principles, the method acquires infrared surveillance images and preprocesses the raw images through filtering and enhancement. Image features are extracted and compared with reference features of fire points to determine the pixel coordinates of the ignition points in the monitored images. Using a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate mapping relationship, the precise spatial coordinates of the fire points are calculated, thereby completing infrared positioning. Performance tests demonstrate that, compared with conventional localization methods, the proposed approach reduces the average positioning error by approximately 14 and 17 m in DC and AC transmission line scenarios, respectively.