High entropy superalloy (HESA), as a research hotspot in the field of metal structural materials, has attracted wide attention due to its potential application value in extreme environments. The composition characteristics and microstructure design of high entropy superalloy are systematically described. In terms of element composition, the high entropy system is constructed by using the ratio of multiple components with equal or near equal atomic ratio. In terms of structure, the performance of face-centered cubic solid solution is optimized through the synergistic interaction between the matrix and the ordered precipitated phase. Studies have shown that HESA can maintain excellent strong plastic matching over a wide temperature range (room temperature -1 200 ℃), and its mechanical stability is due to the synergistic effect of multi-scale strengthening mechanisms, including lattice distortion strengthening caused by solid solution atoms, second phase strengthening caused by nanoscale ordered precipitates, and grain boundary strengthening achieved by grain boundary engineering. Finally, the research and application prospects of high entropy superalloys are prospected.

Metal hydrides and lightweight coordinated metal hydrides have become a preferred solution for hydrogen storage owing to their high hydrogen storage density and high security. Nevertheless, the harsh operation temperature for dehydrogenation severely limits their further development and application. Benefitting from the alteration of the dehydrogenation pathway and the reduction in reaction enthalpy, reactive hydride composites RHCs have been shown to significantly enhance the hydrogen desorption thermodynamics in comparison with single hydrogen storage materials. Furthermore, the effective enhancement of both the kinetic and cycling properties can be achieved by the combination of catalytic doping methods. In this paper, a systematic review of recent research progress in the field of RHCs was presented, while the hydrogen desorption mechanism and the research progress on catalytic doping modification of a variety of RHCs were discussed in detail. Finally, the focus and development direction of future research were outlined based on the challenges currently being faced by RHCs.

With the acceleration of global energy transition, hydrogen energy has received widespread attention due to its high energy density and clean characteristics. Among hydrogen storage technologies, solid-state hydrogen storage is considered the most promising approach because of its high safety and large volumetric energy density. However, solid-state hydrogen storage materials face a dilemma between achieving high hydrogen density and maintaining suitable operating temperatures, a trade-off that severely limits their practical applications. In recent years, data-driven technologies have shown significant potential in material design, performance prediction, and catalyst optimization, providing new avenues for the development of novel hydrogen storage materials. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of data-driven technologies in the field of solid-state hydrogen storage, focusing on three key aspects: First, the construction and application of high-quality databases to provide reliable support for model training; second, forward and inverse design of alloys based on machine learning, achieving efficient prediction and optimization of material properties; and third, the use of multi-agent platforms such as Cat-Advisor for intelligent screening and optimization of magnesium-based dehydrogenation catalysts through multimodal processing of literature information. The article also discusses challenges such as inadequate characterization of catalyst microstructures, limited inverse design capabilities, and difficulties in extracting high-quality data from multiple sources. It envisions the prospects of advancing solid-state hydrogen storage material research and development towards systematization and intelligence through the integration of AI, multimodal intelligent agents, and improvements in database quality.

Hydrogen storage alloy as an anode material has an important influence on the performance of Ni-MH secondary batteries. To further improve the cycling stability of hydrogen storage alloy electrode materials with RE-Mg-Ni system superlattice structure, Mg-free A₅B₁₉ Gd_1-xSm_xNi_3.33Mn_0.17Co_0.2Al_0.1 0≤x≤1 alloy was designed and investigated. The effects of the substitution of Gd by the rare-earth Sm element on the alloy′s annealing microstructure, hydrogen storage in the gas, and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. The results show that after annealing at 1 273 K, the alloy microstructure consists of 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type main phase and 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type dual phase. With the increase of Sm content x, the abundance of 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type main phase increases, and the 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type phase gradually decreases. Meanwhile, the cellular parameters a, c, V of the 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type phase and the 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type phase all increase gradually with increasing Sm content. The effect of rare earth Sm on the gas hydrogenation behavior of the alloys is more pronounced. After the addition of Sm, the alloys exhibit a certain tendency of hydrogen-induced amorphization during hydrogen absorption and desorption. With the increase of Sm content, the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity of the alloys gradually increases, and the PCT curve platform for hydrogen storage and the enthalpy of formation of alloy hydrides of ΔH^Θ are significantly reduced. The electrodes of the alloys containing Sm exhibit good charge/discharge activation properties. With the increase of Sm content, the discharge capacity of the electrodes increases from 279.6 mAh/g to 378.4 mAh/g at x=1.0. After 100 charge/discharge cycles, the alloy electrodes maintain good capacity retention S100 = 94.3%-98.8%, with a slight decrease in capacity retention rate as Sm content increases. When Sm content x > 0, the alloy electrodes exhibit good high-current discharge performance, with HRD₉₀₀ values ranging from 84.7% to 87.6%, respectively. The x = 1.0 alloy combines a high discharge capacity 378.4 mAh/g, good cycling stability S100=94.3%, and high-rate discharge performance HRD₉₀₀ = 84.7%, demonstrating excellent overall electrochemical properties.

To enhance hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics while reducing Mg-H bond stability without compromising storage capacity, rare earth elements of La and Y, transition metal Ni, and In were incorporated into the Mg-based alloy. The In-containing alloy was subjected to melt spinning to produce an amorphous-nanocrystalline structure. Crystallization annealing at 400 ℃ for 4 h was performed to enhance the hydrogen storage properties. The phase transformations and structural evolution of Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni₆ and Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloys were systematically characterized before and after hydrogenation. The results revealed that melt spinning yielded a predominantly amorphous structure with nanocrystalline domains in the Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloy. The as-cast Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni₆and Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2, annealed Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2alloys consisted of Mg, Mg₂Ni, La₂Mg₁₇, and YNi₃ phases. In doping resulted in the formation of MgIn and Mg₂NiIn solid solutions within the Mg and Mg₂Ni matrices, respectively. Notably, In incorporation induced lattice contraction in Mg while expanding the Mg₂Ni lattice parameters. Crystallization annealing facilitated complete crystallization, achieving homogeneous element distribution and microstructure refinement. The newly generated grains and grain boundaries established additional pathways for hydrogen diffusion. Kinetic measurements demonstrated that the annealed Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloy exhibited optimal hydrogen storage capacity at 260-320 ℃, and can completely dehydrogenation within 500 s at 320 ℃ and within 1 500 s at 260 ℃, with a significantly reduced activation energy of 63.36 kJ/mol.

Metal hydride MH - hydrogen compressors MHHC or thermal sorption compressors MH TSC can convert thermal energy into compressed hydrogen gas. Compared with traditional mechanical hydrogen compression methods, the main advantage is the use of low-grade heat sources instead of electricity. Its benefits include simple design and operation, no moving parts, compact structure and safety and reliability. Metal hydride materials or hydrogen compression materials, as an important component of this type of thermal engine, possess several fundamental characteristics to achieve efficient performance in hydrogen compression. The application scenarios, basic principles and main types and characteristics of metal hydrides as hydrogen compression materials for regulating hydrogen pressure technology are summarized.

The capacity degradation of super-lattice rare earth-Mg-Ni-based alloys is ascribed to decomposition of [A₂B₄] subunits and mismatch between [A₂B₄] and [AB₅] subunits. To achieve a stable super-lattice structure, Sm-Mg-Ni based AB₂-type alloys with similar structures to the [A₂B₄] subunit were prepared. XRD patterns reveal that the alloys maintain a stable MgCu₄Sn structure after hydrogen absorption and desorption cycles. Based on stable [A₂B₄] subunits, super-lattice Sm-Mg-Ni-based Sm_0.55Mg_0.25Y_0.20Ni_2.95Al_0.15 hydrogen storage alloy was prepared. The alloy consists of PuNi₃ phase and Ce₂Ni₇ phase. The hydrogen storage capacity at 298 K is 1.53%mass fraction. When the temperature reaches 323 K, the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity can be reached within 60 s. After 20 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption, the supe-lattice structure remains unchanged and the capacity retention rate can reach 96.3%.

Metal nitrogen hydride hydrogen storage materials, represented by Li-Mg-N-H, is recognized as one of the most potential solid-state materials for hydrogen storage due to its excellent hydrogen storage capacity, good reversibility of hydrogen absorption/desorption reaction, and ideal thermodynamic properties. However, the core challenges faced by this system are the complexity of its hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions and the high kinetic barriers. In this paper, the main composition and hydrogen storage performance of the system, performance optimization methods including chemical composition adjustment, nanostructure design, catalytic modification and practical applications of the system were systematically reviewed. The catalytic modification focused on the effect and mechanism of alkali metal based compounds, metal borohydride, transition metals and their compounds, rare earth compounds, carbon materials as catalysts. Finally, the key research directions of the system for practical applications are discussed.

The strength of Q690DR steel decreases with the increase of tempering temperature, and the -40 ℃ impact toughness increases with the decrease of quenching temperature, and the increase of tempering temperature between 640-680 ℃. Controlling the heat treatment condition, it can ensure the steel meets engineering application requirements for new high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels. Through the slow strain rate tensile test with electrochemical dynamic hydrogen charging, the elongation rate of Q690DR was reduced by 3%, and the area shrinkage was reduced by 14.1%, compared with the tensile test results under air condition. It showed that Q690DR has a low susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement under such condition. The hydrogen desorption curves of Q690DR under different heating rates, placement times, and hydrogen charging current densities were tested through thermal desorption sepctrometry TDS. The low-temperature hydrogen desorption activation energy of Q690DR was calculated to be Ea=13.39 kJ/mol, and the high-temperature hydrogen desorption activation energy of Q690DR was calculated to be Eb=117.51 kJ/mol. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient of Q690DR is 9.85×10^-7 cm²/s. After hydrogen charging, the diffusible hydrogen in the matrix can escape completely after being holding for more than 12 hours. The hydrogen content charged in the Q690DR matrix increases with the increase of hydrogen charging current density. In addition, with the help of atomic force microscope AFM, we observed the enrichment behavior of hydrogen in the grain boundaries and the second phase after hydrogen charging. Based on the changes in potential difference, we can judge that the grain boundaries are shallow hydrogen traps and the second phase is deep hydrogen traps.

Hydrogen energy, as a clean and efficient energy carrier, its safe storage is the key. TiFe-based alloys have become a research hotspot due to their advantages such as high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity and low cost. However, their application is limited by drawbacks such as easy surface oxidation, harsh activation conditions and poor cycling stability. Modification strategies of TiFe-based alloys in recent years are reviewed, with a focus on the influences of mechanical alloying, non-stoichiometric design, element substitution and surface treatment on the hydrogen storage performance of TiFe alloys. Future research directions and priorities of TiFe-based alloys are also discussed, providing theoretical guidance for practical applications.

Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys exhibit significant application potential in the fields of hydrogen energy storage, transportation and power generation due to their high hydrogen storage capacity and favorable kinetic properties. Firstly, the hydrogen storage mechanism of Ti-V solid solution alloys, the positions occupied by H atoms in hydrogen storage alloys, and the changes in the crystal structure of solid solution hydrogen storage alloys during hydrogen absorption and desorption are elucidated. Secondly, the effects of various preparation methods arc melting, vacuum induction melting, powder metallurgy and ball milling on the microstructure and hydrogen storage performance of Ti-V solid solution hydrogen storage alloys are systematically summarized. Thirdly, the modification of Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys by different elements is investigated, and the effects and characteristics of different elements on the substituting of Ti and V atoms in the alloy are studied. Finally, the application prospects of Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys is prospected.

Hydrogen storage and transportation challenges severely impede the large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy in daily life and industry. Therefore, the development of safe and efficient new storage and transportation technologies becomes an urgent need in the current field. Among various hydrogen storage techniques, light metal hydrides are favored for their high safety. However, they usually struggle to achieve a favorable balance between kinetics, thermodynamic stability, hydrogen storage capacity and cycling stability. This limitation severely hinders their commercial application. Existing optimization strategies, such as nanoconfinement, alloying, and catalyst addition, have achieved important progresses but fall short of enabling practical application of these materials. In recent years, the introduction of external fields has provided a new method for optimizing the hydrogen storage performance of metal hydrides and demonstrated significant application potential. The traditional modification of light metal hydrides and the influence of external fields on their hydrogen storage properties are comprehensively reviewed, with a particular focus on the effect of light on metal hydrides. The aim is to provide theoretical references and practical directions for further optimization of the hydrogen storage properties of metal hydrides.

Hydrogen energy is an ideal energy carrier for the transition from fossil energy to renewable energy. However, due to the flammable and explosive nature of hydrogen, the development of safe and efficient hydrogen storage technologies remains a key challenge in the application of hydrogen energy. Vanadium-based body-centered cubic BCC hydrogen storage alloys have a theoretical hydrogen storage capacity of up to 3.8% at room temperature, significantly higher than traditional AB₅ and AB₂ type hydrogen storage alloys, thus demonstrating great application potential. However, in practical applications, this type of alloy still faces problems such as low reversible hydrogen storage capacity, poor cycle stability, and high raw material costs. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of vanadium-based BCC type hydrogen storage alloys, with a focus on the issue of high cost. It analyzes in detail three strategies for reducing alloy costs and discusses the key challenges faced by each strategy. On this basis, it provides prospects for future research directions, offering a reference for the design and development of high-performance and low cost hydrogen storage alloys.

Refining grain size can effectively enhance the coercivity of bulk sintered NdFeB permanent magnets while ensuring high uniformity in magnetic properties. Key steps for grain refinement in sintered NdFeB magnets and current industrial equipment status had been described. During rapid solidification, high cooling rates effectively suppress α-Fe phase formation and reduce fragmentation difficulty. For cerium-rich magnets, trace additions of co-associated rare earth elements like La and Y help decrease the growth width of rapidly solidified flakes. Quantification of liquid volume per unit time during production proves crucial for structural consistency in rapid-solidified products. In powder preparation, regulation and adaptive control of hydrogen decrepitation process achieve preliminary powder refinement. Different jet mill configurations exhibit distinct characteristics, with fluidized bed jet mills being the most prevalent equipment, where airflow velocity at nozzle intersections in grinding chambers determines powder refinement efficiency. Regarding sintering, beyond conventional processes, spark plasma sintering emerges as an effective approach for achieving densification and suppressing abnormal grain growth. For powders with particle sizes below 2 μm, pressureless forming technology successfully resolves the forming challenges inherent to ultrafine powders.

As semiconductor manufacturing progresses toward the atomic scale, nanodevices increasingly demand diverse materials and ultra-precise deposition control. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and Atomic Layer Etching (ALE), as essential atomic-scale fabrication techniques, face growing challenges in optimizing high-dimensional and complex process parameters. Traditional simulations and experimental methods often fall short in modeling intricate reactions or supporting high-throughput optimization, highlighting the need for integrated innovations across computational materials science, data science, and artificial intelligence. This work reviews recent advances in applying machine learning to key tasks in atomic manufacturing, including precursor selection, reaction pathway prediction, process parameter modeling, control optimization, molecular dynamics simulations, and data structuring. Machine learning has shown great promise in boosting modeling efficiency, improving predictive accuracy, and enabling adaptive process control. However, challenges remain, such as limited generalization across systems and reduced prediction accuracy under sparse data. Looking forward, combining machine learning with physical constraints, multiscale modeling, and semantic data frameworks may pave the way for a transition from offline prediction to intelligent closed-loop control in next-generation atomic manufacturing.

With the rapid progress of China′s power electronics and new energy industries, the demand for efficient, multi-purpose and environmentally friendly soft magnetic alloys is also gradually increasing. Existing research situation on the performance regulation of silicon steel is discussed. Based on the characteristics of the soft magnetic material, we points out the core performance index of iron loss, and points out the necessity of improving the resistivity of the material through composition regulation and other means, so as to achieve the maximum energy efficiency. Secondly, the influence of alloy composition, inclusion, defect, grain size, residual stress and crystal structure on the performance of silicon steel is discussed. In addition, we points out that with the progress of material science and nanotechnology, the research on the relationship between microstructure and performance of silicon steel will be more in-depth, and people will be able to more precisely regulate silicon steel in order to achieve better magnetic performance.

The grain boundary diffusion process of hot-deformed magnet with additional pressure was studied. The properties and microstructure of the magnet after diffusion were analyzed. The coercivity of the magnet increases from 14.19 to 24.36 kOe when diffusion with no pressure. But the height of the c-axis of the magnet increases significantly. A large number of non-magnetic phases enter the interior of the magnet and the orientation decreases significantly, which resulting in a drastic deterioration of the remanence. The remanence decreased from 14.71 to 10.00 kGs. The volume expansion in the c-axis direction of the magnet was control-led when the pressure was applied to the diffusion process. The area fraction of the rare-earth rich phase was reduced and the orientation was increased. The drastic deterioration of remanence is inhibited. After grain boundary diffusion, the coercivity mechanism of the magnet was changed and the pinning effect of the diffusion magnet was significantly enhanced, which may be the main reason for the increase of coercivity. Finally, the properties of the magnet obtained by grain boundary diffusion with additional pressure were B_r=13.71 kGs, Hcj=18.63 kOe, (BH)_max=46.44 MGOe.

Solid-state hydrogen storage based on metal hydrides is considered a highly promising method for hydrogen storage. However, the inherently low thermal conductivity of metal hydride powders severely restricts the reaction efficiency during hydrogen absorption/desorption in metal hydride beds, posing a critical bottleneck for the large-scale application of solid-state hydrogen storage technology. Accurate measurement of the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride beds, along with targeted strategies for improvement, is of great significance for the optimal design, performance enhancement, and cost control of solid-state hydrogen storage devices. Mainstream measurement methods for the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride beds are systematically reviewed, and the applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various testing approaches are compared and analyzed. Technical pathways for enhancing the thermal conductivity of beds, focusing on structural optimization and material compounding, are summarized. Research progress in numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer in one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional metal hydride beds is reviewed, and the scope of application and accuracy differences among various models are analyzed. The relevant research findings can provide theoretical support and technical reference for the optimized design of heat and mass transfer structures in solid-state hydrogen storage devices.

As one of the most promising clean energy sources in the 21st century, the storage and transportation technology of hydrogen energy is a key bottleneck restricting its widespread application. Solid-state hydrogen storage technology has attracted widespread attention due to its high safety and potential high energy density, among which hydrogen storage alloy materials are one of the main research directions. The research status and typical applications of low-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage alloys have been reviewed, focusing on the hydrogen storage performances, modification methods and application progress of A_nB_m intermetallic compounds such as AB, AB₂, AB₅, etc., BCC solid solution alloys vanadium-based and titanium-based alloys and magnesium-based alloys. At the same time, further focusing on the contradiction between techno-economics and safety, combined with the current practical application, hydrogen storage alloys can be divided into low-temperature type and high-temperature type according to their working characteristics. The techno-economics of low-temperature alloys A_nB_m alloys and BCC solid solution alloys is facing cost challenges, as the price of AB₅ materials is rather high, The cost of the metal raw materials for equivalent hydrogen storage is higher than 5 000 yuan/kg H₂, and the cost of vanadium-based BCC solid solution alloys is about 4 000 yuan/kg H₂ although ferrovanadium master alloy is introduced. However, its safety advantages are significant. Thanks to the low pressure operating range 0.1-5.0 MPa and good air stability, it is classified as a low-risk system and has been used in hydrogen storage by ships and forklifts. In contrast, high-temperature magnesium-based alloys show the potential of raw material cost in terms of techno-economics the price of magnesium raw materials < 40 000 yuan/t, but the nanosizing and alloying process significantly pushes up the comprehensive cost. Its safety has obvious hidden dangers, due to the inherent flammability of the material ignition point of 473 ℃ and high dehydrogenation temperature requirements 200-300 ℃, and thus is evaluated as a high-risk system. With the overcoming of technical bottlenecks and the improvement of the industrial chain, low-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage alloys are expected to play a greater role in transportation, industry, energy and other fields.

Offshore wind power-to-hydrogen is a crucial approach for developing marine renewable energy, and hydrogen storage technology serves as the key to realizing energy transfer. Focusing on offshore scenarios, the feasibility of applying solid-state hydrogen storage technology has been investigated. A system model of "offshore wind power-electrolytic hydrogen production-solid-state hydrogen storage-maritime transportation to shore" is constructed, with MgH₂ as the hydrogen storage medium, to analyze the impacts of parameters such as electrolyzer configuration ratio and hydrogen storage capacity on system performance. The results show that the ratio of electrolyzers to wind power directly affects system energy efficiency, requiring a trade-off between power consumption and equipment utilization. Increasing hydrogen storage capacity can reduce hydrogen curtailment rate, but the marginal benefit diminishes. The economic viability of the system is constrained by multiple factors, necessitating a comprehensive consideration of energy efficiency and costs. This research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of hydrogen storage technologies in offshore wind power-to-hydrogen systems.