High entropy superalloy (HESA), as a research hotspot in the field of metal structural materials, has attracted wide attention due to its potential application value in extreme environments. The composition characteristics and microstructure design of high entropy superalloy are systematically described. In terms of element composition, the high entropy system is constructed by using the ratio of multiple components with equal or near equal atomic ratio. In terms of structure, the performance of face-centered cubic solid solution is optimized through the synergistic interaction between the matrix and the ordered precipitated phase. Studies have shown that HESA can maintain excellent strong plastic matching over a wide temperature range (room temperature -1 200 ℃), and its mechanical stability is due to the synergistic effect of multi-scale strengthening mechanisms, including lattice distortion strengthening caused by solid solution atoms, second phase strengthening caused by nanoscale ordered precipitates, and grain boundary strengthening achieved by grain boundary engineering. Finally, the research and application prospects of high entropy superalloys are prospected.

Metal nitrogen hydride hydrogen storage materials, represented by Li-Mg-N-H, is recognized as one of the most potential solid-state materials for hydrogen storage due to its excellent hydrogen storage capacity, good reversibility of hydrogen absorption/desorption reaction, and ideal thermodynamic properties. However, the core challenges faced by this system are the complexity of its hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions and the high kinetic barriers. In this paper, the main composition and hydrogen storage performance of the system, performance optimization methods including chemical composition adjustment, nanostructure design, catalytic modification and practical applications of the system were systematically reviewed. The catalytic modification focused on the effect and mechanism of alkali metal based compounds, metal borohydride, transition metals and their compounds, rare earth compounds, carbon materials as catalysts. Finally, the key research directions of the system for practical applications are discussed.

Hydrogen energy, as a clean and efficient energy carrier, its safe storage is the key. TiFe-based alloys have become a research hotspot due to their advantages such as high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity and low cost. However, their application is limited by drawbacks such as easy surface oxidation, harsh activation conditions and poor cycling stability. Modification strategies of TiFe-based alloys in recent years are reviewed, with a focus on the influences of mechanical alloying, non-stoichiometric design, element substitution and surface treatment on the hydrogen storage performance of TiFe alloys. Future research directions and priorities of TiFe-based alloys are also discussed, providing theoretical guidance for practical applications.

Refining grain size can effectively enhance the coercivity of bulk sintered NdFeB permanent magnets while ensuring high uniformity in magnetic properties. Key steps for grain refinement in sintered NdFeB magnets and current industrial equipment status had been described. During rapid solidification, high cooling rates effectively suppress α-Fe phase formation and reduce fragmentation difficulty. For cerium-rich magnets, trace additions of co-associated rare earth elements like La and Y help decrease the growth width of rapidly solidified flakes. Quantification of liquid volume per unit time during production proves crucial for structural consistency in rapid-solidified products. In powder preparation, regulation and adaptive control of hydrogen decrepitation process achieve preliminary powder refinement. Different jet mill configurations exhibit distinct characteristics, with fluidized bed jet mills being the most prevalent equipment, where airflow velocity at nozzle intersections in grinding chambers determines powder refinement efficiency. Regarding sintering, beyond conventional processes, spark plasma sintering emerges as an effective approach for achieving densification and suppressing abnormal grain growth. For powders with particle sizes below 2 μm, pressureless forming technology successfully resolves the forming challenges inherent to ultrafine powders.

The development trend of high frequency, miniaturization and low power consumption of inductor components has put forward higher requirements for the application characteristics of soft magnetic composite materials at high frequencies. As an effective means to reduce eddy current losses at high frequencies, the development of insulation coating technology has received widespread attention. Insulation coating technology is a key link in the preparation process of soft magnetic composite materials. By insulating and coating soft magnetic metal powders, eddy current losses can be effectively reduced. This article reviews the research status and characteristics of organic coating, inorganic coating, and inorganic-organic composite coating processes from the perspective of coating technology for soft magnetic metal composites, and discusses out the challenges and possible development directions currently faced in the field of insulation coating.

With the acceleration of global energy transition, hydrogen energy has received widespread attention due to its high energy density and clean characteristics. Among hydrogen storage technologies, solid-state hydrogen storage is considered the most promising approach because of its high safety and large volumetric energy density. However, solid-state hydrogen storage materials face a dilemma between achieving high hydrogen density and maintaining suitable operating temperatures, a trade-off that severely limits their practical applications. In recent years, data-driven technologies have shown significant potential in material design, performance prediction, and catalyst optimization, providing new avenues for the development of novel hydrogen storage materials. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of data-driven technologies in the field of solid-state hydrogen storage, focusing on three key aspects: First, the construction and application of high-quality databases to provide reliable support for model training; second, forward and inverse design of alloys based on machine learning, achieving efficient prediction and optimization of material properties; and third, the use of multi-agent platforms such as Cat-Advisor for intelligent screening and optimization of magnesium-based dehydrogenation catalysts through multimodal processing of literature information. The article also discusses challenges such as inadequate characterization of catalyst microstructures, limited inverse design capabilities, and difficulties in extracting high-quality data from multiple sources. It envisions the prospects of advancing solid-state hydrogen storage material research and development towards systematization and intelligence through the integration of AI, multimodal intelligent agents, and improvements in database quality.

Solid-state hydrogen storage technology is regarded as a key link in the development of the hydrogen energy industry chain due to its excellent volumetric hydrogen storage density and intrinsic safety characteristics. Among numerous hydrogen storage materials, AB₅-type rare earth-based hydrogen storage alloys have become a research hotspot because of their mild activation conditions, efficient hydrogen absorption and desorption under normal temperature and pressure, as well as excellent PCT plateau characteristics and outstanding anti-toxicity performance. However, the basic alloy LaNi₅ cannot be directly applied due to problems such as low hydrogen absorption and desorption plateau pressure, low hydrogen storage capacity, and poor cycle stability. To address the above issues, alloying regulation of AB₅-type hydrogen storage alloys has been widely recognized as an effective solution. This review systematically summarizes the effects of common element substitution on the A- and B- sides on the structural properties of AB₅-type hydrogen storage alloys and their underlying mechanisms, and systematically summarizes the existing problems and future research directions, which can provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of high-performance AB₅-type hydrogen storage alloys.

M-type strontium ferrite was prepared by solid-phase reaction method combined with high-energy ball milling process, and the effects of ball milling time and additive type and content on the micro-morphology, crystal structure and magnetic properties of M-type strontium ferrite were investigated. The results showed that the samples had the best magnetic properties after sintering when the secondary ball milling time was 12 h, with the maximum magnetic energy product (BH)_max=32.7 kJ/m³. Effect of the addition of Co₃O₄, CaCO₃ and SiO₂ on the magnetic properties of the magnets was further investigated, and the results showed that the magnetic properties decreased with the addition of Co₃O₄; the increase of CaCO₃ content, may result in an excessive grain growth and non-uniformity, which in turn causes a gradual decrease in its coercivity, and when the content of 0.2% CaCO₃, the coercivity has a maximum value of Hcj=326.7 kA/m; with the increase in the content of SiO₂, the magnetic properties of the sample show a trend of increasing and then decreasing, and when the content of 0.3% of SiO₂, sintered samples have a higher densification, and at this time, the sintered samples have better overall properties: Hcj=340.5 kA/m, B_r=403.0 mT, (BH)_max=31.7 kJ/m³. The experimental results show that the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite can be improved by adjusting the ball milling time and the different additive type and its content.

Metal hydrides and lightweight coordinated metal hydrides have become a preferred solution for hydrogen storage owing to their high hydrogen storage density and high security. Nevertheless, the harsh operation temperature for dehydrogenation severely limits their further development and application. Benefitting from the alteration of the dehydrogenation pathway and the reduction in reaction enthalpy, reactive hydride composites RHCs have been shown to significantly enhance the hydrogen desorption thermodynamics in comparison with single hydrogen storage materials. Furthermore, the effective enhancement of both the kinetic and cycling properties can be achieved by the combination of catalytic doping methods. In this paper, a systematic review of recent research progress in the field of RHCs was presented, while the hydrogen desorption mechanism and the research progress on catalytic doping modification of a variety of RHCs were discussed in detail. Finally, the focus and development direction of future research were outlined based on the challenges currently being faced by RHCs.

Hydrogen storage and transportation challenges severely impede the large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy in daily life and industry. Therefore, the development of safe and efficient new storage and transportation technologies becomes an urgent need in the current field. Among various hydrogen storage techniques, light metal hydrides are favored for their high safety. However, they usually struggle to achieve a favorable balance between kinetics, thermodynamic stability, hydrogen storage capacity and cycling stability. This limitation severely hinders their commercial application. Existing optimization strategies, such as nanoconfinement, alloying, and catalyst addition, have achieved important progresses but fall short of enabling practical application of these materials. In recent years, the introduction of external fields has provided a new method for optimizing the hydrogen storage performance of metal hydrides and demonstrated significant application potential. The traditional modification of light metal hydrides and the influence of external fields on their hydrogen storage properties are comprehensively reviewed, with a particular focus on the effect of light on metal hydrides. The aim is to provide theoretical references and practical directions for further optimization of the hydrogen storage properties of metal hydrides.

Phase change material (PCM) cooling has application advantages in terms of structural complexity and cooling efficiency, with other cooling methods to compensate for their thermal saturation and other problems. On the basis of analyzing the thermal problems of lithium-ion batteries and the thermal storage mechanism of PCM, and focuses on the research progress of PCM cooling and hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) with PCM coupled with air cooling, liquid cooling, and heat pipe cooling. Metallic materials play a key role in this, such as metallic PCM themselves have better thermal conductivity and heat storage capacity than organic and inorganic PCM, and have good potential for application in PCM, as well as being more widely used in organic PCM and heat pipe cooling substrates. It is undeniable that hybrid BTMS combining multiple cooling technologies is more favorable for practical application.

A novel self-supported three-dimensional electrocatalyst is proposed for the development of efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts to address the key challenges in electrolytic water hydrogen production technology. Ni₄₀Zr₄₀Ti₂₀ amorphous alloy precursor was alloyed with 3% Pt and Pd, and then combined with the dealloying technique to prepare flexible self-supported nanoporous/amorphous alloy composite catalysts with a honeycomb nanoporous structure. The alloyed Pt material required only 32 mV overpotential at 10 mA/cm² current density, and the alloyed Pd porous material required 52 mV overpotential at a current density of 10 mA/cm², Pt alloying was superior to Pd, and the porous PtNi/amorphous composite HER (hydrogen evolution reaction) performance was better than that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. The excellent electrolytic water performance of the porous PtNi/amorphous composites was attributed to their submicron honeycomb porous structure and sponge-like nanoporous structure, which exposed more catalytically active sites while ensuring the structural stability of the catalyst. Moreover, the compressive lattice strain effect was introduced due to the replacement of noble metal lattice sites by smaller nickel atoms, thus optimising the hydrogen adsorption energy. This not only opens up new avenues for developing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts with self-supporting structures, high flexibility, and low platinum content, but also holds significant scientific importance for gaining deeper insights into alloy effects in catalytic processes.

High purity dysprosium and terbium metals serve as the fundamental raw materials in various fields, including permanent magnet materials, magnetostrictive materials, magneto-optical storage materials, magnetic refrigeration materials and electric light source materials. The calcium thermal reduction method and the intermediate alloying method used in the preparation of industrial pure dysprosium and terbium metals are summarized, and the vacuum distillation method, zone melting method and solid state electromigration method are described in detail. The technology of hydrogen ionization arc melting, electrochemical deoxidation and solid phase external inspiratory are also summarized. Finally, we considers the future development direction of high purity dysprosium and terbium metals from the perspective of market orientation and operability, and provides reference for the development of high purity rare earth metals dysprosium and terbium industries.

With the rapid progress of China′s power electronics and new energy industries, the demand for efficient, multi-purpose and environmentally friendly soft magnetic alloys is also gradually increasing. Existing research situation on the performance regulation of silicon steel is discussed. Based on the characteristics of the soft magnetic material, we points out the core performance index of iron loss, and points out the necessity of improving the resistivity of the material through composition regulation and other means, so as to achieve the maximum energy efficiency. Secondly, the influence of alloy composition, inclusion, defect, grain size, residual stress and crystal structure on the performance of silicon steel is discussed. In addition, we points out that with the progress of material science and nanotechnology, the research on the relationship between microstructure and performance of silicon steel will be more in-depth, and people will be able to more precisely regulate silicon steel in order to achieve better magnetic performance.

Metal hydride MH - hydrogen compressors MHHC or thermal sorption compressors MH TSC can convert thermal energy into compressed hydrogen gas. Compared with traditional mechanical hydrogen compression methods, the main advantage is the use of low-grade heat sources instead of electricity. Its benefits include simple design and operation, no moving parts, compact structure and safety and reliability. Metal hydride materials or hydrogen compression materials, as an important component of this type of thermal engine, possess several fundamental characteristics to achieve efficient performance in hydrogen compression. The application scenarios, basic principles and main types and characteristics of metal hydrides as hydrogen compression materials for regulating hydrogen pressure technology are summarized.

The Ni-B amorphous alloy combines the unique properties of amorphous alloys with the high catalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and easy availability of nickel metal, playing an important role in the field of catalysis. This article will take the Ni-B amorphous alloy as the main object, systematically analyzing and reviewing the structure, electron transfer mechanism, oxidation mechanism, and factors affecting the catalytic effect from multiple dimensions.

The capacity degradation of super-lattice rare earth-Mg-Ni-based alloys is ascribed to decomposition of [A₂B₄] subunits and mismatch between [A₂B₄] and [AB₅] subunits. To achieve a stable super-lattice structure, Sm-Mg-Ni based AB₂-type alloys with similar structures to the [A₂B₄] subunit were prepared. XRD patterns reveal that the alloys maintain a stable MgCu₄Sn structure after hydrogen absorption and desorption cycles. Based on stable [A₂B₄] subunits, super-lattice Sm-Mg-Ni-based Sm_0.55Mg_0.25Y_0.20Ni_2.95Al_0.15 hydrogen storage alloy was prepared. The alloy consists of PuNi₃ phase and Ce₂Ni₇ phase. The hydrogen storage capacity at 298 K is 1.53%mass fraction. When the temperature reaches 323 K, the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity can be reached within 60 s. After 20 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption, the supe-lattice structure remains unchanged and the capacity retention rate can reach 96.3%.

The strength of Q690DR steel decreases with the increase of tempering temperature, and the -40 ℃ impact toughness increases with the decrease of quenching temperature, and the increase of tempering temperature between 640-680 ℃. Controlling the heat treatment condition, it can ensure the steel meets engineering application requirements for new high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels. Through the slow strain rate tensile test with electrochemical dynamic hydrogen charging, the elongation rate of Q690DR was reduced by 3%, and the area shrinkage was reduced by 14.1%, compared with the tensile test results under air condition. It showed that Q690DR has a low susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement under such condition. The hydrogen desorption curves of Q690DR under different heating rates, placement times, and hydrogen charging current densities were tested through thermal desorption sepctrometry TDS. The low-temperature hydrogen desorption activation energy of Q690DR was calculated to be Ea=13.39 kJ/mol, and the high-temperature hydrogen desorption activation energy of Q690DR was calculated to be Eb=117.51 kJ/mol. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient of Q690DR is 9.85×10^-7 cm²/s. After hydrogen charging, the diffusible hydrogen in the matrix can escape completely after being holding for more than 12 hours. The hydrogen content charged in the Q690DR matrix increases with the increase of hydrogen charging current density. In addition, with the help of atomic force microscope AFM, we observed the enrichment behavior of hydrogen in the grain boundaries and the second phase after hydrogen charging. Based on the changes in potential difference, we can judge that the grain boundaries are shallow hydrogen traps and the second phase is deep hydrogen traps.

Solid-state hydrogen storage based on metal hydrides is considered a highly promising method for hydrogen storage. However, the inherently low thermal conductivity of metal hydride powders severely restricts the reaction efficiency during hydrogen absorption/desorption in metal hydride beds, posing a critical bottleneck for the large-scale application of solid-state hydrogen storage technology. Accurate measurement of the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride beds, along with targeted strategies for improvement, is of great significance for the optimal design, performance enhancement, and cost control of solid-state hydrogen storage devices. Mainstream measurement methods for the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride beds are systematically reviewed, and the applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various testing approaches are compared and analyzed. Technical pathways for enhancing the thermal conductivity of beds, focusing on structural optimization and material compounding, are summarized. Research progress in numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer in one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional metal hydride beds is reviewed, and the scope of application and accuracy differences among various models are analyzed. The relevant research findings can provide theoretical support and technical reference for the optimized design of heat and mass transfer structures in solid-state hydrogen storage devices.

Thick specification (thickness not less than 2.0 mm) hot-dip galvanized products without patterns are widely used in industries such as animal husbandry, photovoltaic brackets, corrugated pipes, and steel plate warehouses due to their high strength and good corrosion resistance. Galvanized sheet has strict surface quality requirements in the industry due to its high requirements for aesthetics and high corrosion resistance when used exposed. However, the surface of thick specification hot-based patternless galvanized sheet is prone to zinc flow lines and pitting leakage defects, which affect the aesthetic and corrosion resistance of the product. In order to improve the surface quality of thick specification hot-based patternless galvanized sheet and increase user satisfaction, an optimization plan is proposed based on the production experience of the pickling and galvanizing combined unit. Taking zinc flow pattern and pitting leakage plating as research objects, the macroscopic morphology of zinc flow pattern and leakage plating was characterized using SEM and metallographic microscope. By briefly describing the fluctuation of the shape of the raw material hot-rolled substrate, the operation status of the three rollers, the surface roughness of the hot-rolled raw material, the presence of difficult to reduce oxides or inclusions in the original plating plate after acid washing, and the factors affecting the occurrence of zinc flow pattern and pitting leakage plating defects, combined with production experience, the "double leveling" process was proposed to improve the uniformity of plate shape and surface roughness, optimize equipment stability management, zinc liquid temperature control, and effectively reducing the defect rate.

Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials have attracted much attention due to their high hydrogen storage density, abundant Mg resources, relatively low cost and good reversibility. However, their high hydrogen desorption temperature and slow kinetic performance have restricted their practical application. The design of magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys with high hydrogen storage capacity, excellent kinetic/thermodynamic performance and cyclic stability is of great significance for the safe storage and transportation of hydrogen energy in the future. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress in the preparation of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials by alloying, focuses on sorting out the action mechanisms of different types of elements and the regulation laws of alloying processes on the microstructure of materials, discusses the challenges and development prospects faced by the alloying strategy, and is expected to point out the direction for the research on magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials.

Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys exhibit significant application potential in the fields of hydrogen energy storage, transportation and power generation due to their high hydrogen storage capacity and favorable kinetic properties. Firstly, the hydrogen storage mechanism of Ti-V solid solution alloys, the positions occupied by H atoms in hydrogen storage alloys, and the changes in the crystal structure of solid solution hydrogen storage alloys during hydrogen absorption and desorption are elucidated. Secondly, the effects of various preparation methods arc melting, vacuum induction melting, powder metallurgy and ball milling on the microstructure and hydrogen storage performance of Ti-V solid solution hydrogen storage alloys are systematically summarized. Thirdly, the modification of Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys by different elements is investigated, and the effects and characteristics of different elements on the substituting of Ti and V atoms in the alloy are studied. Finally, the application prospects of Ti-V hydrogen storage alloys is prospected.

Review of casting magnesium alloys containing Nd is performed. In terms of the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, the effect of Nd on the grain size and second phase precipitation of magnesium alloys is analyzed, the influence of Nd on the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of magnesium alloys is discussed, and the effect of Nd on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys is reviewed, with the aim of providing references for the design and development of casting magnesium alloys containing Nd.

Hydrogen storage alloy as an anode material has an important influence on the performance of Ni-MH secondary batteries. To further improve the cycling stability of hydrogen storage alloy electrode materials with RE-Mg-Ni system superlattice structure, Mg-free A₅B₁₉ Gd_1-xSm_xNi_3.33Mn_0.17Co_0.2Al_0.1 0≤x≤1 alloy was designed and investigated. The effects of the substitution of Gd by the rare-earth Sm element on the alloy′s annealing microstructure, hydrogen storage in the gas, and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. The results show that after annealing at 1 273 K, the alloy microstructure consists of 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type main phase and 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type dual phase. With the increase of Sm content x, the abundance of 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type main phase increases, and the 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type phase gradually decreases. Meanwhile, the cellular parameters a, c, V of the 2H-Ce₂Ni₇-type phase and the 3R-Ce₅Co₁₉-type phase all increase gradually with increasing Sm content. The effect of rare earth Sm on the gas hydrogenation behavior of the alloys is more pronounced. After the addition of Sm, the alloys exhibit a certain tendency of hydrogen-induced amorphization during hydrogen absorption and desorption. With the increase of Sm content, the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity of the alloys gradually increases, and the PCT curve platform for hydrogen storage and the enthalpy of formation of alloy hydrides of ΔH^Θ are significantly reduced. The electrodes of the alloys containing Sm exhibit good charge/discharge activation properties. With the increase of Sm content, the discharge capacity of the electrodes increases from 279.6 mAh/g to 378.4 mAh/g at x=1.0. After 100 charge/discharge cycles, the alloy electrodes maintain good capacity retention S100 = 94.3%-98.8%, with a slight decrease in capacity retention rate as Sm content increases. When Sm content x > 0, the alloy electrodes exhibit good high-current discharge performance, with HRD₉₀₀ values ranging from 84.7% to 87.6%, respectively. The x = 1.0 alloy combines a high discharge capacity 378.4 mAh/g, good cycling stability S100=94.3%, and high-rate discharge performance HRD₉₀₀ = 84.7%, demonstrating excellent overall electrochemical properties.

Hydrogen energy is an ideal energy carrier for the transition from fossil energy to renewable energy. However, due to the flammable and explosive nature of hydrogen, the development of safe and efficient hydrogen storage technologies remains a key challenge in the application of hydrogen energy. Vanadium-based body-centered cubic BCC hydrogen storage alloys have a theoretical hydrogen storage capacity of up to 3.8% at room temperature, significantly higher than traditional AB₅ and AB₂ type hydrogen storage alloys, thus demonstrating great application potential. However, in practical applications, this type of alloy still faces problems such as low reversible hydrogen storage capacity, poor cycle stability, and high raw material costs. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of vanadium-based BCC type hydrogen storage alloys, with a focus on the issue of high cost. It analyzes in detail three strategies for reducing alloy costs and discusses the key challenges faced by each strategy. On this basis, it provides prospects for future research directions, offering a reference for the design and development of high-performance and low cost hydrogen storage alloys.

Offshore wind power-to-hydrogen is a crucial approach for developing marine renewable energy, and hydrogen storage technology serves as the key to realizing energy transfer. Focusing on offshore scenarios, the feasibility of applying solid-state hydrogen storage technology has been investigated. A system model of "offshore wind power-electrolytic hydrogen production-solid-state hydrogen storage-maritime transportation to shore" is constructed, with MgH₂ as the hydrogen storage medium, to analyze the impacts of parameters such as electrolyzer configuration ratio and hydrogen storage capacity on system performance. The results show that the ratio of electrolyzers to wind power directly affects system energy efficiency, requiring a trade-off between power consumption and equipment utilization. Increasing hydrogen storage capacity can reduce hydrogen curtailment rate, but the marginal benefit diminishes. The economic viability of the system is constrained by multiple factors, necessitating a comprehensive consideration of energy efficiency and costs. This research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of hydrogen storage technologies in offshore wind power-to-hydrogen systems.

The Nd-Fe-B SC acts as a precursor for NdFeB permanent magnets, and its microstructure plays a significant role in influencing the magnetic properties of the final magnet. This study utilized SEM, EDS, XRD, and HELOS to characterize the microstructure of the Nd-Fe-B SC. A relationship between the thickness of the Nd-Fe-B SC and its microstructural characteristics was established. The magnetic properties of the magnetic powder were assessed using a VSM. The findings indicate that none of the Nd-Fe-B SC, regardless of their thickness, contained the α-Fe phase. As the thickness of the castings increased, the width of the columnar crystals also grew. Secondary dendrites appeared when the casting thickness reached 0.30 mm or more. For the 0.30 mm thick casting, the orientation of the main phase near the roller surface was found to be optimal, with an I(006)/I(105) ratio of 20.67. Compa-risons of performance showed that, as the thickness increased, coercivity decreased monotonically, while saturation magnetisation first increased and then decreased. The magnetic powder in the 0.30 mm thick casting exhibited the highest saturation magnetisation.

Undercut is one of the key factors limiting the iterative upgrading of etched metal lead frames, and attenuating or eliminating the undercut is a common challenge faced by etch engineers, equipment manufacturers, and potion developers. Copper corrosion inhibitors as an anti-undercut additive were added to the acidic copper chloride etchant. Based on the principle of anti-undercut additive, the effective anti-undercut additive and its use of the concentration were screened out through the static and dynamic etching experiments. Finally, a kind of lead-frame product was used to verify the improvement effect of anti-undercut additive on the uniformity of etching size. It provides a feasible method for the improvement and enhancement of the etching process in the metal lead frame industry, and at the same time fills the research gap of anti-side-etching agents in the metal lead frame industry.

The optimization of the constitutive model and fracture model for titanium alloy materials contributes to enhancing the accuracy of their simulations. We establishes the constitutive and fracture failure models for titanium alloy materials by conducting tensile tests on TC4 titanium alloy under various operating conditions. The constitutive model employs the Johnson-Cook constitutive equation, while the fracture model utilizes both the Johnson-Cook fracture model and the LOOKU fracture model. Simulations are conducted using Pamcrash software to compare the experimental results with the simulated load-displacement curves and the differences between the two models. By further analyzing the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics of titanium alloy materials, a more precise and practical constitutive and fracture mechanics model is developed, and the parameters of the simulation model are calibrated.

As semiconductor manufacturing progresses toward the atomic scale, nanodevices increasingly demand diverse materials and ultra-precise deposition control. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and Atomic Layer Etching (ALE), as essential atomic-scale fabrication techniques, face growing challenges in optimizing high-dimensional and complex process parameters. Traditional simulations and experimental methods often fall short in modeling intricate reactions or supporting high-throughput optimization, highlighting the need for integrated innovations across computational materials science, data science, and artificial intelligence. This work reviews recent advances in applying machine learning to key tasks in atomic manufacturing, including precursor selection, reaction pathway prediction, process parameter modeling, control optimization, molecular dynamics simulations, and data structuring. Machine learning has shown great promise in boosting modeling efficiency, improving predictive accuracy, and enabling adaptive process control. However, challenges remain, such as limited generalization across systems and reduced prediction accuracy under sparse data. Looking forward, combining machine learning with physical constraints, multiscale modeling, and semantic data frameworks may pave the way for a transition from offline prediction to intelligent closed-loop control in next-generation atomic manufacturing.

NdFeB ultrafine particles were prepared by hydrogen-dismutation-dehydrogenation-recombination method by using NaCl solid particles and surfactant assisted high-energy ball grinding. The effects of oleic acid content, milling time and NaCl on crystal structure, magnetic properties and microstructure of NdFeB were investigated. The results showed that appropriate oleic acid addition could help to form nano-scale flake particles after high-energy ball milling, and had good c-axis orientation. After the addition of NaCl, the particle size and thickness of the powder were 0.24 μm and 13.98 nm after ball milling for 6 h with 30% oleic acid content, coercivity H_c=2.48 kOe and high orientation M_r/M_s=0.841. The results show that NaCl synergies indicate that high energy ball milling of active agents can help to prepare ultrafine NdFeB particles with ultra-thin thickness and high orientation.

Efficient and safe storage and transportation of hydrogen is a crucial step in realizing the utilization of hydrogen energy. Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are regarded as one of the promising media for hydrogen storage and transportation due to their high hydrogen storage density, excellent cycling performance, and abundant resources. However, their practical application is hindered by strong thermodynamic stability, slow reaction kinetics, and stringent technical requirements for hydrogen storage systems. In recent years, rare earth elements or rare earth compounds have been successfully introduced into magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials through various strategies, significantly improving the hydrogen absorption and release performance of the materials. The research progress of rare earth in magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials in recent years is systematically summarized. The roles of rare earth in the design, preparation technology, alloying, structural characteristics, as well as additives or catalysts of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are focused on. Future research directions are also looked forward to.

The global energy crisis is becoming increasingly severe. Hydrogen, with its advantages of environmental friendliness, abundant resources, and high energy density, has emerged as one of the most promising new energy carriers. Hydrogen storage and transportation serve as the critical link between hydrogen production and utilization, forming a key component of the hydrogen application system. Solid-state hydrogen storage materials, recognized for their large storage capacity, high volumetric density, and excellent safety performance, are considered the most promising solution for hydrogen storage. Among them, hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of solid-state hydrogen storage materials offers a safe and efficient method for releasing hydrogen. With advantages such as high safety and convenience, high energy density and controllable reactivity, as well as diverse chemical reaction mechanisms and material systems, it presents a highly promising technological pathway for hydrogen storage and transportation, making it an ideal choice for on-demand, portable, and online hydrogen supply. This article systematically reviews the research progress and technical principles of hydrogen generation by hydrolysis from solid-state hydrogen storage materials, analyzes the hydrogen storage characteristics and current development status both domestic and international of various hydrolytic hydrogen generation materials, and introduces the application scenarios, challenges, and bottlenecks of this technology. Based on this analysis, the article proposes a focused approach to tackling key issues in four areas:1 material modification and catalytic system optimization;2 innovation in hydrolysis reaction systems and operation modes;3 material system innovation and large-scale production;4 standardization system construction.

Zero thermal expansion materials are widely applicable in precise instruments such as optical devices, electronic equipment, and aerospace components due to their minimal volume expansion within a fixed temperature range. The strong magneto-volume effect associated with a magnetic phase transition compensates the positive thermal expansion caused by the inharmonic lattice thermal vibration, which leads to a negative thermal expansion effect. A small amount of boron was introduced into the Ho₂Fe₁₇ alloy, which leads to zero thermal expansion in a wide temperature range. The Ho₂Fe₁₇B_0.2alloy exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of only -0.74×10^-6 K^-1 within the temperature range of 120-350 K. Comprehensive characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer, were conducted to analyze the microstructure, crystal structure, and magnetic phase transition behavior of the samples. The underlying mechanism for the regulation of thermal expansion behavior has also been discussed, which provides new insights and approaches for the development of advanced zero thermal expansion materials.

As one of the most promising clean energy sources in the 21st century, the storage and transportation technology of hydrogen energy is a key bottleneck restricting its widespread application. Solid-state hydrogen storage technology has attracted widespread attention due to its high safety and potential high energy density, among which hydrogen storage alloy materials are one of the main research directions. The research status and typical applications of low-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage alloys have been reviewed, focusing on the hydrogen storage performances, modification methods and application progress of A_nB_m intermetallic compounds such as AB, AB₂, AB₅, etc., BCC solid solution alloys vanadium-based and titanium-based alloys and magnesium-based alloys. At the same time, further focusing on the contradiction between techno-economics and safety, combined with the current practical application, hydrogen storage alloys can be divided into low-temperature type and high-temperature type according to their working characteristics. The techno-economics of low-temperature alloys A_nB_m alloys and BCC solid solution alloys is facing cost challenges, as the price of AB₅ materials is rather high, The cost of the metal raw materials for equivalent hydrogen storage is higher than 5 000 yuan/kg H₂, and the cost of vanadium-based BCC solid solution alloys is about 4 000 yuan/kg H₂ although ferrovanadium master alloy is introduced. However, its safety advantages are significant. Thanks to the low pressure operating range 0.1-5.0 MPa and good air stability, it is classified as a low-risk system and has been used in hydrogen storage by ships and forklifts. In contrast, high-temperature magnesium-based alloys show the potential of raw material cost in terms of techno-economics the price of magnesium raw materials < 40 000 yuan/t, but the nanosizing and alloying process significantly pushes up the comprehensive cost. Its safety has obvious hidden dangers, due to the inherent flammability of the material ignition point of 473 ℃ and high dehydrogenation temperature requirements 200-300 ℃, and thus is evaluated as a high-risk system. With the overcoming of technical bottlenecks and the improvement of the industrial chain, low-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage alloys are expected to play a greater role in transportation, industry, energy and other fields.

To enhance hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics while reducing Mg-H bond stability without compromising storage capacity, rare earth elements of La and Y, transition metal Ni, and In were incorporated into the Mg-based alloy. The In-containing alloy was subjected to melt spinning to produce an amorphous-nanocrystalline structure. Crystallization annealing at 400 ℃ for 4 h was performed to enhance the hydrogen storage properties. The phase transformations and structural evolution of Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni₆ and Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloys were systematically characterized before and after hydrogenation. The results revealed that melt spinning yielded a predominantly amorphous structure with nanocrystalline domains in the Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloy. The as-cast Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni₆and Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2, annealed Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2alloys consisted of Mg, Mg₂Ni, La₂Mg₁₇, and YNi₃ phases. In doping resulted in the formation of MgIn and Mg₂NiIn solid solutions within the Mg and Mg₂Ni matrices, respectively. Notably, In incorporation induced lattice contraction in Mg while expanding the Mg₂Ni lattice parameters. Crystallization annealing facilitated complete crystallization, achieving homogeneous element distribution and microstructure refinement. The newly generated grains and grain boundaries established additional pathways for hydrogen diffusion. Kinetic measurements demonstrated that the annealed Mg₉₀La₂Y₂Ni_4.8In_1.2 alloy exhibited optimal hydrogen storage capacity at 260-320 ℃, and can completely dehydrogenation within 500 s at 320 ℃ and within 1 500 s at 260 ℃, with a significantly reduced activation energy of 63.36 kJ/mol.

Hydrogen energy is an effective approach to reduce carbon emissions in the maritime sector and promote the green and sustainable development of marine power. Solid-state hydrogen storage technology, with advantages such as high volumetric hydrogen storage density and good operational safety, provides a highly promising solution to the safe and efficient storage of hydrogen fuel for marine applications. The principles, classifications, and characteristics of solid-state hydrogen storage technology were reviewed. The current application status of this technology in the maritime field was elaborated. The challenges faced by this technology in the application of the shipping industry were analyzed, and the future development trends were also prospected. The aim is to provide certain theoretical reference for promoting the wide application of solid-state hydrogen storage technology in the maritime field.

Metal-based solid-state hydrogen storage technology is one of the critical pathways to address hydrogen storage and transportation challenges. Among these materials, magnesium-based materials have attracted significant attention due to their high hydrogen storage capacity 7.6%, low cost, and favorable reversibility. However, the high dehydrogenation temperature and sluggish kinetics remain unresolved. The mechanisms of rare earth elements and their compounds in enhancing the hydrogen absorption and desorption performance of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are focused on, with a systematic review of the research progress in rare earth element alloying and catalytic modification of rare earth materials. Studies demonstrate that rare earth alloying significantly reduces thermodynamic barriers through lattice reconstruction and the optimization of hydrogen diffusion channels, enabling Mg-RE alloys to complete dehydrogenation within 10 min. Rare earth catalysts lower the initial dehydrogenation temperature of MgH₂ to below 220 ℃ via interfacial electron transfer and multiphase synergistic effects. Nevertheless, challenges such as reliance on rare earth resources and unclear phase transition mechanisms in composite systems persist as bottlenecks for large-scale applications. Future research should integrate material design with green preparation processes to advance magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials toward high-density, low-energy consumption, and long-cycle life development, thereby facilitating the scaling-up of the hydrogen energy industry.

As the characteristic grain boundary phase of the “Ga-rich/B-poor” Nd-Fe-B sintered permanent magnets, the tetragonal RE₆(Fe,Ga)₁₄ intergranular phase enhances the coercivity via enhanced decoupling capability to isolate the adjacent RE₂Fe₁₄B matrix phase, hence attracting widespread research attention. However, the influence of RE₆(Fe,Ga)₁₄ phase on the corrosion resistance still remains unexplored. In this work, two Nd-Dy-Fe-Ga-B sintered magnets dominated by different intergranular phases were prepared and compared by adjusting the Ga and B contents. Compared to the magnet with w(Ga)=0.1% and w(B)=1% dominated by the conventional RE-rich intergranular phase, a substantial amount of RE₆(Fe,Ga)₁₄ intergranular phase was introduced in the annealed magnet with w(Ga)=0.5% and w(B)=0.9%, yielding higher coercivity and corrosion resistance. In-situ corrosion experiments further confirmed that the RE₆(Fe,Ga)₁₄ intergranular phase effectively mitigates the corrosion process, offering a promising pathway for simultaneously improved magnetic and anti-corrosion performance of RE-Fe-B sintered magnets.

Mg-based solid state hydrogen storage material has been considered as one of the efficient hydrogen sto-rage carriers in virtue of its high hydrogen sorption capacity, abundant deposit and low cost. Unfortunately, the high thermodynamics stability 74.7 kJ/mol and sluggish hydrogen storage kinetics impede seriously its commercial application. Despite the traditional approaches including alloying, elemental catalyzing and solid solution, etc. A large amount of research has confirmed the fact that the dual-modifications upon the thermodynamics/kinetics of Mg-based material via nanoengineering in nanoscale can be successfully achieved and consequently, the significant enhancement of hydrogen storage performance further accelerates its industrial application in future. In this paper, the basic logic of nanoengineering has been clarified and the synthesis of nanomaterial and nanoconfinement technology in recent years are also systematically summarized and reviewed from the perspective of preparative technique and dimension. Meanwhile,the structure-function relationship between microstructure,catalyzing effects and the optimal hydrogen storage performances has been summarized. Eventually, the review makes a comment about the merit/demerit and probable application and development direction of nanoengineering for incoming hydrogen storage industry. Further, the reference and inspiration for the design and development of a new generation of high-performance magne-sium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials via nanoengineering is highly expected in this review.